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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Pores of no return.

David W Andrews1

  • 1Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.

Molecular Cell
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Researchers used double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to reveal a new model for the active form of Bax protein at cell membranes. This finding challenges previous models of Bax protein function.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Bax protein plays a critical role in programmed cell death (apoptosis).
  • Understanding the active conformation of Bax at membranes is crucial for elucidating its function.
  • Previous models of Bax activation have been proposed but lacked definitive structural evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural dynamics of the active form of Bax protein at membrane interfaces.
  • To propose a novel structural model for Bax activation based on experimental evidence.
  • To reconcile conflicting previous models of Bax function.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy, a pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance technique.

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  • Employed site-directed spin labeling to introduce spin labels at specific positions on the Bax protein.
  • Analyzed distance distributions between spin labels to infer conformational changes.

    • Main Results:

    • The study proposes a new model for the active conformation of Bax at membranes.
    • The proposed model significantly differs from previously established models.
    • Experimental data provides structural constraints supporting the new model.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings necessitate a re-evaluation of current models for Bax-mediated apoptosis.
    • The new model offers a refined understanding of Bax protein's membrane interaction and activation mechanism.
    • Further studies are warranted to fully validate and explore the implications of this new Bax model.