Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals
07:39

A Murine Pancreatic Islet Cell-based Screening for Diabetogenic Environmental Chemicals

Published on: June 25, 2018

7.8K

Reactive metabolites and antioxidant gene polymorphisms in Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Monisha Banerjee1, Pushpank Vats1

  • 1Molecular & Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India.

Redox Biology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed

Insights

Type 2 diabetes involves oxidative stress from reactive metabolites (RMs). Low antioxidant enzyme function exacerbates this, leading to insulin resistance and T2DM.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex syndrome linked to insulin receptor dysfunction.
  • Oxidative stress, driven by reactive metabolites (RMs), plays a crucial role in T2DM pathogenesis.
  • Key cellular enzymes like NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase generate RMs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of reactive metabolites (RMs) in oxidative stress.
  • To examine the involvement of antioxidant enzymes in T2DM.
  • To understand the link between RMs, antioxidant capacity, and insulin resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on reactive metabolites (RMs) and oxidative stress in T2DM.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of RM production by cellular enzymes.
  • Investigation of the function and genetic polymorphisms of antioxidant enzymes.

Main Results:

  • RM-related pathways, including polyol flux and AGE formation, contribute to vascular damage.
  • Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) scavenge RMs.
  • Functional polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes are associated with T2DM development.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced antioxidant enzyme levels or activity lead to excessive RMs, promoting insulin resistance.
  • Oxidative stress mediated by RMs is a significant factor in T2DM.
  • Understanding the interplay between RMs and antioxidant enzymes is vital for T2DM research.
Keywords:
AntioxidantsOxidative stressPolymorphismsReactive metabolitesType 2 diabetes mellitus

More Related Videos

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species ROS in Cancers07:17

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species ROS in Cancers

Published on: November 21, 2011

71.3K
High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds12:32

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds

Published on: January 23, 2018

13.1K

Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
2
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
2
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.9K
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
6
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
74
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
135