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This study reveals that Hercynian tectonic structures in Portugal guide shallow groundwater flow, classifying watersheds as open or closed basins. Open basins, linked to these structures, act as discharge cells within a regional flow system.

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Structural Geology
  • Geomorphology

Background:

  • Continental Portugal's geology is shaped by the Hercynian orogeny, creating NW-SE ductile shear zones and NNE-SSW fragile faults.
  • These tectonic structures are known conduits for mineral and thermal water circuits, with over a hundred documented spring locations.
  • The integration of shallower, non-mineral groundwater into regional flow systems via these structures remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Hercynian tectonic structures in channeling shallow, non-mineral groundwater.
  • To determine if these structures are integral components of a large-scale regional groundwater flow system.
  • To classify watersheds based on groundwater dynamics and their relationship to tectonic features.

Main Methods:

  • Application of an integrated water balance and recession flow modeling approach.
  • Calculation of catchment turnover times using groundwater discharge rates and recession flow parameters.
  • Classification of 46 watersheds into open and closed basins, and identification of source and sink basins within open systems.
  • Utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze spatial associations between basin types and tectonic structures.

Main Results:

  • Watershed classification revealed distinct open and closed basin types based on calculated turnover times and catchment area.
  • A significant spatial correlation was established between open basins and the underlying Hercynian ductile and fragile tectonic structures.
  • Open basins were predominantly identified as discharge cells within a regional flow system, particularly in the Douro River basin's mouth area.

Conclusions:

  • Hercynian tectonic structures in Portugal actively influence and channel shallow groundwater flow, integrating it into regional systems.
  • Open basins, spatially associated with these structures, function as critical discharge zones within the studied hydrogeological framework.
  • Future research should extend to the Douro River basin's headwaters to identify the source basins feeding these discharge cells.