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Related Concept Videos

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Germ line development: lessons learned from pluripotent stem cells.

Ana M Martínez-Arroyo1, Jose V Medrano2, José Remohí2

  • 1Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Dept. Obst. & Gynec., Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia 46015, Spain.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human germ line development remains poorly understood compared to mouse models. This review compares genetic and epigenetic differences in primordial germ cell specification between humans and mice, and discusses in vitro germ cell generation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Genetics and epigenetics

Background:

  • Mammalian germ line development is crucial for reproduction.
  • Current understanding heavily relies on mouse models, with limited human data.
  • Primordial germ cell (PGC) specification is a key early event.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare genetic and epigenetic factors in mammalian germ line development, focusing on PGC specification.
  • To highlight differences between human and mouse germ line development.
  • To assess in vitro strategies for generating germ cell-like cells and identify obstacles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on mammalian germ line development.
  • Comparative analysis of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in mouse and human PGC specification.
  • Evaluation of in vitro methods for germ cell derivation.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences exist in PGC specification between mice and humans.
  • In vitro generation of germ cell-like cells has shown promise but faces challenges.
  • Key genetic and epigenetic pathways require further investigation in humans.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding human germ line development requires moving beyond mouse models.
  • Further research is needed to overcome obstacles in deriving functional human gametes in vitro.
  • Comparative studies are essential for advancing reproductive medicine and fertility treatments.