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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

2.4K
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

6
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
6
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

7
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
7
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

7
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
7
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

6
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
6
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

7
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
7

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

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Autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Alessandro Antonelli1, Silvia Martina Ferrari1, Alda Corrado1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Savi 10, I-56126 Pisa, University of Pisa, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), including Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, involve immune system attacks on the thyroid. Research highlights the role of genetic and environmental factors, along with specific cytokines and chemokines, in disease development and perpetuation.

Keywords:
Autoimmune thyroid diseasesCXCL10ChemokinesCytokinesGraves' diseaseHashimoto's thyroiditis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are organ-specific autoimmune disorders resulting from immune system dysregulation targeting the thyroid.
  • AITD encompass Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and leading to thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively.
  • The exact triggers for AITD remain under investigation, but genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of AITD pathogenesis, focusing on immune mechanisms and associated conditions.
  • To highlight the role of cytokines and chemokines in the autoimmune process within the thyroid.
  • To emphasize the clinical implications for patient monitoring and the association with other autoimmune disorders and thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and recent studies on AITD.
  • Analysis of the role of T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes, cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), and chemokines (CXCL10) in thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Examination of associations between AITD and other autoimmune conditions and papillary thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • AITD involve T cell-mediated attacks, with an estimated prevalence of 5% for the diseases themselves.
  • A proposed mechanism involves Th1 lymphocytes, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CXCL10, creating an amplification loop that perpetuates the autoimmune process.
  • Significant associations exist between AITD and other autoimmune disorders (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis) and papillary thyroid cancer.

Conclusions:

  • The pathogenesis of AITD likely involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers.
  • Cytokines and chemokines play a crucial role in initiating and sustaining the autoimmune attack on the thyroid.
  • AITD patients require comprehensive monitoring for thyroid dysfunction, nodules, and co-existing autoimmune conditions or thyroid cancer.