Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Chunking01:12

Chunking

559
Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking...
559
Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

69.6K
Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
69.6K
Testing a Claim about Population Proportion01:24

Testing a Claim about Population Proportion

4.2K
A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
There are two methods of testing a claim about a population proportion: (1) Using the sample proportion from the data where a binomial distribution is approximated to the normal distribution and (2) Using the binomial probabilities calculated from the data.
The first method uses normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The requirements are as follows: sample size is large...
4.2K
Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

71.9K
Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
71.9K
Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

7.1K
Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
7.1K
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

708
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
708

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

ManyNumbers 3: A Multi-Lab Study of Demographic Correlates of Early Number Knowledge.

Developmental science·2026
Same author

Adults' number gestures focus children on numeracy.

Cognition·2026
Same author

Systematic variation in proportion judgments: Spatial features impact adults' strategies and decisions.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026
Same author

Iconic number gestures: Naturalistic use by children and parents in the early home environment.

Developmental psychology·2025
Same author

The transfer effect of mental rotation training on arithmetic skill: The role of state anxiety and arithmetic strategy use.

Developmental psychology·2025
Same author

Developing a novel measure of non-rigid, ductile spatial skill.

Cognitive research: principles and implications·2025
Same journal

"I want to keep going": Differential effects of storybooks on children's perseverance.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Memory for a dinosaur exhibit: retrieval-based practice vs. restudy.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

The interplay between Theory of Mind inferencing and visual attention in narrative comprehension in autistic preschoolers.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Executive function and preschoolers' responses to severe transgressions: implications for early forgiveness.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Shared cognitive risk factors underlying rapid automatized naming deficits for the comorbidity of developmental dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A computational parameter estimation via Bundesen's theory of visual attention.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
Same journal

Do young children understand the objectivity of reality?

Journal of experimental child psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

10.0K

Approximate number word knowledge before the cardinal principle.

Elizabeth A Gunderson1, Elizabet Spaepen2, Susan C Levine2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children can develop approximate number word knowledge before mastering the cardinal principle. This understanding of number words and quantities grows with age, even before exact number knowledge is established.

Keywords:
ANSApproximationCardinal principleCardinalityEstimationNumber

More Related Videos

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.2K
A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

12.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

10.0K
Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task
06:08

Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

Published on: July 22, 2025

1.2K
A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

12.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Approximate number word knowledge, crucial for math achievement, is the understanding of the relationship between number words and set magnitudes.
  • A key debate in developmental psychology concerns whether children acquire approximate number word knowledge before or after learning the cardinal principle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate when children demonstrate approximate number word knowledge in relation to their understanding of the cardinal principle.
  • To examine if children who have not yet learned the cardinal principle (subset-knowers) exhibit approximate number word knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted involving children identified as subset-knowers.
  • Participants completed verbal comprehension tasks (producing sets for number words) and verbal production tasks (producing number words for set sizes).
  • Approximate number word knowledge was assessed by examining if numerical responses increased with set numerosity.

Main Results:

  • In Study 1, subset-knowers (ages 3.0-4.2) showed approximate number word knowledge for numbers up to 4.
  • In Study 2, a broader age range of subset-knowers (ages 3.1-5.6) demonstrated approximate number word knowledge for numbers above 4 in the verbal production task.
  • Children's age was a significant predictor of approximate number word knowledge (above 4) on the verbal production task, independent of knower-level and parental education.

Conclusions:

  • Children can develop approximate knowledge of number words up to 10 before mastering the cardinal principle.
  • Approximate number word knowledge progresses with age and may develop independently of exact number word knowledge.
  • Findings suggest that early approximate number word understanding is a precursor to later mathematical abilities.