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Related Concept Videos

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents01:20

Lipid-Lowering Drugs: Statins and Miscellaneous Agents

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Hyperlipidemia, a medical condition often referred to as high cholesterol, is characterized by abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the bloodstream. When present in excess, these lipids, specifically cholesterol and triglycerides, can lead to serious health complications, often involving cardiovascular diseases. Illnesses like atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and pancreatitis have all been linked to untreated hyperlipidemia. This means controlling and regulating cholesterol and triglyceride...
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Atherosclerosis III: Management01:26

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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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Overview of Lipid Metabolism01:24

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Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
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Lipids: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:18

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Lipids are an essential component of a balanced human diet. Triglycerides, which make up the majority of dietary lipids, are found in both saturated fats—commonly present in meat, dairy products, and certain tropical plants like coconut, and hydrogenated oils such as margarine and baking shortenings (trans fats)—and unsaturated fats, which are abundant in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils. The main sources of cholesterol include egg yolks, various meats and organ...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile01:25

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System III: Serum Lipid Profile

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Understanding serum lipids is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and preventing heart disease and stroke.
Serum lipids are fats and fatty substances in the blood and are crucial for various bodily functions, including energy storage, cellular structure, and hormone production. Serum lipids consist of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
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Lipid Digestion01:06

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Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles
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ETC-1002: a future option for lipid disorders?

Dragana Nikolic1, Dimitri P Mikhailidis2, Michael H Davidson3

  • 1Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy.

Atherosclerosis
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

ETC-1002, a novel agent, significantly lowers LDL-C by up to 32% through a unique mechanism. It offers potential benefits for hypercholesterolemia, especially in statin-intolerant patients.

Keywords:
Cardiometabolic riskETC-1002Lipid lowering therapyLow density lipoprotein cholesterol

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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular pharmacology
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Drug discovery and development

Background:

  • Hypercholesterolemia remains a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
  • Current lipid-lowering therapies, including statins, have limitations in efficacy and tolerability for some patients.
  • Novel therapeutic targets and agents are needed to effectively manage cholesterol levels and cardiometabolic risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ETC-1002, a novel LDL-C lowering agent.
  • To investigate the mechanism of action of ETC-1002, targeting hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis.
  • To assess the potential of ETC-1002 as a treatment option for hypercholesterolemia, including in statin-intolerant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • ETC-1002 is an investigational dicarboxylic acid derivative currently in Phase II clinical research.
  • Mechanism of action involves inhibiting hepatic adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACL) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
  • Studies assessed the impact of ETC-1002 on low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and other cardiometabolic factors.

Main Results:

  • ETC-1002 demonstrated significant reductions in LDL-C levels (up to 32%) across patient groups.
  • The agent also reduced apolipoprotein B (apoB) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C).
  • Beneficial effects were observed on inflammatory markers, blood pressure, and body weight, with generally good safety and tolerability.

Conclusions:

  • ETC-1002 shows promise as an effective oral, once-daily treatment for lowering LDL-C.
  • Its novel mechanism and favorable cardiometabolic effects may benefit patients with hypercholesterolemia, including those intolerant to statins or not at goal.
  • Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm the long-term safety and efficacy of ETC-1002.