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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Vaccine Production01:23

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Apoplast Protein Extraction for Efficient Recovery of Recombinant Proteins from Plant Cells
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Author Spotlight: Optimizing Apoplast Protein Extraction for Efficient Recovery of Recombinant Proteins from Plant Cells

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Plant-based vaccines against viruses.

Edward P Rybicki1

  • 1Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa. ed.rybicki@uct.ac.za.

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|December 4, 2014
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Summary

Plant molecular farming is advancing viral vaccines and therapies. This technology shows promise for veterinary and human diseases, with recent successes in treating Ebola virus infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Virology
  • Plant Sciences

Background:

  • Plant molecular farming is an early and promising application within biotechnology.
  • Plant-made viral antigens and monoclonal antibodies are established for treating viral diseases in animals and humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in biofarming of viral vaccines and therapies.
  • To explore future applications of plant-made vaccines and therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on plant molecular farming for vaccines and therapies.
  • Analysis of case studies, including ZMapp for Ebola virus.

Main Results:

  • Established proof of principle and efficacy for numerous candidate viral veterinary vaccines.
  • Demonstrated success in using plant-derived viral antigens and antibodies for therapeutic applications.
  • Recent application of ZMapp in treating Ebolavirus infection highlights the technology's potential.

Conclusions:

  • Plant molecular farming offers significant potential for developing novel viral vaccines and therapeutics.
  • The field is rapidly advancing, with ongoing research into new applications for human and animal health.