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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms
Published on: August 15, 2016
Mental practice and mirror therapy associated with conventional physical therapy training on the hemiparetic upper
Rafael de Almeida Oliveira1, Paula Cintia Dos Santos Vieira2, Luciane Fernanda Rodrigues Martinho Fernandes3
1Master's program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Background:
The presence of sensory and motor deficits is common in patients post stroke. Mental practice (MP) and mirror therapy (MT) can be used as therapeutic techniques for poststroke rehabilitation. Important results have been demonstrated, although they have not established the patients' functional gain or related results of muscle electromyographic (EMG) data to functionality.
Objective:
The aim was to investigate EMG activity and sensory, motor, and functional performance in hemiparetic limbs of patients with stroke after intervention with MP and MT associated with conventional physical therapy training (CPTT).
Methods:
Seven patients were treated twice weekly during 8 weeks with MP and MT associated with CPTT of the affected upper limb. The Fugl-Meyer scale and the Barthel Index (BI) were applied to assess sensorimotor ability and independence of patients. Activation of the upper trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi radialis was evaluated by means of EMG symmetry index and muscle co-activation measurements.
Results:
There were statistically significant differences between pre- and postassessment findings for the motor, sensory, and mobility domains of the Fugl-Meyer scale, as well as for BI evaluation. No statistically significant differences were observed when the pre- and posttest symmetry and co-activation data were compared, although there were qualitative changes.
Conclusions:
The protocol was effective for improving motor, sensory, and mobility aspects, as well as function involved in activities of daily living. Qualitative changes in symmetry and muscle co-contraction were found, indicating a possible improvement in upper limb rehabilitation of patients with stroke.
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