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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Epigenetic modifications in human thyroid cancer.

Bita Faam1, Mohammad Ali Ghaffari2, Ata Ghadiri3

  • 1Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Tehran, Iran.

Biomedical Reports
|December 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, is increasingly diagnosed. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and microRNA alterations, alongside genetic mutations, contribute to its development and progression.

Keywords:
DNA methylationepigeneticmicroRNAthyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy, with a rising incidence.
  • Over 95% of thyroid cancers originate from follicular cells, exhibiting a range of differentiation.
  • While genetic mutations like RET, RAS, and BRAF are known, the molecular pathogenesis requires further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the current understanding of epigenetic patterns in thyroid cancer.
  • To explore the role of acquired epigenetic abnormalities in conjunction with genetic alterations.
  • To highlight the significance of aberrant DNA methylation and microRNA expression in thyroid cancer development.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE and PubMed.
  • Search terms included 'epigenetic patterns in thyroid cancer' and specific cancer types (PTC, FTC, MTC, ATC).
  • Additional terms focused on 'DNA methylation' and 'miRNA expression' in thyroid cancer and general cancer epigenetics.

Main Results:

  • Increasing evidence points to epigenetic abnormalities as key players in thyroid cancer.
  • Aberrant DNA methylation in CpG regions is a recognized feature.
  • Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles are also implicated in thyroid cancer development.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation and miRNA dysregulation, are crucial in thyroid cancer pathogenesis.
  • These epigenetic changes, often occurring alongside genetic mutations, influence gene expression and cancer progression.
  • Further research into epigenetic patterns is essential for a comprehensive understanding of thyroid cancer.