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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

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DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic...
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Dementia l: Introduction01:22

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Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data
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Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other long-term sequelae.

Barry D Jordan

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |December 4, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) in athletes is a growing concern. Neurologists must understand the distinctions between chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), postconcussion syndrome, and neurocognitive impairment for diagnosis and prevention.

    Area of Science:

    • Sports Neurology
    • Neuroscience
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Contact sports athletes face risks of chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI).
    • Chronic TBI encompasses conditions like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), chronic postconcussion syndrome, and chronic neurocognitive impairment.
    • Neurologists require knowledge of chronic TBI types and diagnostic criteria.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the diagnostic evaluation of chronic TBI in athletes.
    • To differentiate between CTE, chronic postconcussion syndrome, and chronic neurocognitive impairment.
    • To emphasize the importance of prevention for athletes in contact sports.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical history assessment
    • Neurologic examination

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    Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

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  • Neuropsychological testing
  • Neuroimaging and laboratory testing

    • Main Results:

    • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is the most severe form of chronic TBI, linked to repetitive mild TBI, particularly in boxers and football players.
    • CTE symptoms include behavioral, cognitive, and motor deficits, with definitive diagnosis only possible postmortem.
    • Chronic postconcussion syndrome involves symptoms lasting over a year after a single event, while chronic neurocognitive impairment is a broader term for long-term sequelae.

    Conclusions:

    • Neurologic impairment in athletes with repetitive brain injury is a recognized issue.
    • Accurate diagnosis of chronic TBI subtypes is crucial for appropriate management.
    • Given no current CTE treatment, prevention is key for athletes in high-risk sports.