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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Antimicrobial Synergy Testing by the Inkjet Printer-assisted Automated Checkerboard Array and the Manual Time-kill Method
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Enhancing US-Japan cooperation to combat antimicrobial resistance.

C Sachi Gerbin

    Biosecurity and Bioterrorism : Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science
    |December 4, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health security threat. The US and Japan can enhance cooperation to combat AMR, leveraging existing partnerships to advance the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA).

    Area of Science:

    • Global Health Security
    • Infectious Disease Prevention
    • Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

    Background:

    • The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) aims to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats globally.
    • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant and growing global health security concern, exacerbated by inappropriate antimicrobial use and a lack of new drug development.
    • Regional collaboration can effectively manage the multifaceted challenge of AMR.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the potential for enhanced US-Japan cooperation in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
    • To explore how existing US-Japan partnerships can be leveraged to address AMR and support the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA).

    Main Methods:

    • The study reviews existing cooperative programs and relationships between the United States and Japan in medical research and global health.

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  • It analyzes the current limited cooperation on AMR between the two nations.

    • Main Results:

    • The US and Japan, as leaders in life sciences and close allies, possess established cooperative frameworks.
    • Despite past health cooperation, their joint efforts specifically targeting AMR have been limited.

    Conclusions:

    • Existing US-Japan networks and relationships provide a strong foundation for increased collaboration on AMR.
    • Enhanced bilateral cooperation is crucial for effectively combating the expanding AMR threat and advancing global health security objectives.