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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Bone tissue as a systemic endocrine regulator.

I Zofkova1

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. izofkova@upcmail.cz.

Physiological Research
|December 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Bone acts as both a target and producer of hormones, influencing systemic functions. Recent discoveries reveal hormones like incretins and angiotensin modulating bone remodeling, while bone-derived osteocalcin impacts metabolism and testosterone synthesis.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Bone tissue is historically recognized as a target for classic hormones like sex steroids, parathormone, and vitamin D.
  • Emerging research has identified novel hormonal regulators of bone, including incretins (GIP and GLP-1) that inhibit bone remodeling and angiotensin that promotes it.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) demonstrates anabolic effects, stimulating bone formation during development and throughout life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of bone as a target tissue and an endocrine organ.
  • To highlight the influence of both classic and non-classic hormones on bone tissue.
  • To elucidate the systemic regulatory functions of bone-derived hormones, particularly osteocalcin.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review of hormonal regulation of bone.
  • Analysis of studies on non-classic hormone effects on bone remodeling.
  • Examination of research on bone-derived hormones and their extra-skeletal targets.

    • Main Results:

    • Incretins (GIP and GLP-1) inhibit bone remodeling, while angiotensin promotes it.
    • Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) exhibits anabolic effects on skeletal development and maintenance.
    • Bone is an endocrine tissue producing hormones like osteocalcin, which influences insulin secretion, fatty acid metabolism, and phosphate regulation via FGF23.
    • Osteocalcin also stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells, suggesting a role in male fertility.

    Conclusions:

    • Bone actively participates in systemic hormonal regulation, extending beyond its structural role.
    • Osteocalcin is a key bone-derived hormone with significant impacts on glucose, lipid, phosphate, and potentially reproductive systems.
    • Further clinical research is warranted to fully understand the systemic implications of bone's endocrine functions.