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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

3
Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

2
Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
2
Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Murine Brain Using a Cost-Effective Hyperglycemic And Hypoglycemic Clamp Technique
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Hypoglycaemia and CV risk: Perceptions and reality.

Samit Ghosal1, Binayak Sinha2

  • 1Nightingale Hospital, Kolkata, India.

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
|December 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Hypoglycemia, a diabetes complication, is linked to adverse cardiovascular events. While evidence suggests a connection, a definitive cause-and-effect relationship between hypoglycemia and cardiovascular disease outcomes requires further investigation.

Keywords:
CV riskHypoglycemiaMortalityTrialsType 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia is a recognized complication in diabetes management.
  • It is associated with various adverse health outcomes, including neurological and cardiovascular events.
  • Cardiovascular outcomes are frequently discussed in relation to hypoglycemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current data on the relationship between hypoglycemia and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
  • To evaluate the existing evidence for a causal link between hypoglycemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mechanistic case reports and retrospective studies.
  • Analysis of available data on hypoglycemia and cardiovascular events.

Main Results:

  • Several studies suggest a link between hypoglycemia and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Mechanistic reports and retrospective data support this association.
  • A definitive cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been firmly established.

Conclusions:

  • The association between hypoglycemia and adverse cardiovascular outcomes is supported by existing data.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the hard-core cause-and-effect relationship.
  • Understanding this link is crucial for comprehensive diabetes care and cardiovascular risk management.