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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

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Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation II: Local and Systemic Effects

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Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
The typical wound exudate is odorless, transparent, straw-colored, thin, and watery. Exudate, however, can differ depending on the state of wound healing. Likewise, the...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Prolactin in inflammatory response.

Ana Laura Pereira Suarez1, Gonzalo López-Rincón, Priscila A Martínez Neri

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Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone that influences immune and inflammatory responses. Its diverse effects depend on prolactin receptor (PRLR) isoforms and microenvironment interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone produced by the pituitary and extrapituitary sites.
  • PRL binds to its receptor (PRLR), activating signaling pathways and gene expression.
  • PRL modulates immune responses and inflammation in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex roles of prolactin in immune and inflammatory processes.
  • To investigate how different prolactin receptor (PRLR) isoforms and PRL variants influence PRL's effects.
  • To understand the impact of the cellular and molecular microenvironment on PRL signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on prolactin, its receptor, and immune/inflammatory functions.
  • Analysis of research detailing PRLR isoforms generated by post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications.
  • Examination of studies investigating the interplay between PRL, PRLR isoforms, and microenvironmental factors.

Main Results:

  • PRL exhibits pleiotropic activities, impacting diverse biological processes.
  • Multiple PRLR isoforms exist, arising from complex regulatory mechanisms.
  • PRL can exert opposing effects, suggesting intricate regulatory networks.

Conclusions:

  • The pleiotropic effects of prolactin are mediated through its receptor (PRLR) and downstream signaling.
  • The specific PRLR isoform and the surrounding microenvironment critically influence PRL's biological actions.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to deciphering PRL's dual roles in immunity and inflammation.