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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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No description available
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells
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Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells

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Chromatin accessibility: a window into the genome.

Maria Tsompana1, Michael J Buck2

  • 1New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.

Epigenetics & Chromatin
|December 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding chromatin accessibility is key to gene regulation. This study reviews current methods for mapping open genomic sites, highlighting their pros, cons, and future directions for chromatin profiling.

Keywords:
ATACChromatinDNaseEpigenomeFAIREHistoneLibraryMNaseNucleosomeSequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transcriptional activation in eukaryotes involves nucleosome disruption at regulatory DNA elements.
  • Regulatory DNA regions are characterized by open or accessible chromatin structures.
  • Chromatin accessibility assays are crucial for identifying epigenetic modifications linked to gene expression and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the advantages and limitations of current genome-wide chromatin accessibility assays.
  • To provide guidance on experimental precautions and sequence data analysis for these assays.
  • To offer a perspective on future advancements in chromatin profiling techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing enzymatic or chemical methods to differentiate accessible from protected genomic regions.
  • Isolating DNA from these distinct genomic locations.
  • Quantifying isolated DNA using next-generation sequencing platforms.

Main Results:

  • Current assays enable genome-wide identification of regulatory DNA and associated epigenetic changes.
  • These methods are instrumental in studying differential gene expression, cell proliferation, and disease development.
  • The study highlights specific limitations and advantages inherent in existing chromatin accessibility assays.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of assay limitations and careful experimental design are essential for accurate chromatin profiling.
  • Future improvements in chromatin accessibility assays are needed to advance the field.
  • Optimized methods will enhance the study of gene regulation, cellular processes, and disease mechanisms.