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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Cognitive diversity and moral enhancement.

Chris Gyngell, Simon Easteal

    Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : CQ : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees
    |December 5, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    The development of cognitive enhancement technologies (CETs) may necessitate moral enhancement to improve cooperation. Pursuing both together can maximize benefits and minimize harms from increased cognitive diversity in society.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Neuroscience
    • Moral Philosophy

    Background:

    • Contemporary bioethics debates the necessity of moral enhancement alongside cognitive enhancement technologies (CETs).
    • Widespread CETs are predicted to increase cognitive diversity within the population.
    • Increased cognitive differences may pose challenges to societal cooperation and coordination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel argument for the concurrent development of cognitive and moral enhancement technologies.
    • To explore how moral enhancement can mitigate potential societal harms arising from cognitive diversity.
    • To demonstrate how moral enhancement can facilitate cooperation in a cognitively diverse society.

    Main Methods:

    • Philosophical argumentation

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  • Analysis of ethical implications of emerging technologies
  • Examination of moral psychology and intergroup cooperation

    • Main Results:

    • Cognitive enhancement technologies (CETs) will likely lead to greater cognitive diversity.
    • Differences in cognition can exacerbate difficulties in cooperation and coordination.
    • Moral enhancement technologies offer a potential solution to improve cooperation among diverse individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • Pursuing cognitive and moral enhancement technologies together is advisable.
    • Moral enhancement can help manage the societal challenges posed by cognitive diversity.
    • Integrated enhancement strategies can maximize societal benefits while minimizing risks.