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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

3.3K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

4.8K
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.4K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples
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On-chip magnetometer for characterization of superparamagnetic nanoparticles.

Kun Woo Kim1, Venu Reddy, Sri Ramulu Torati

  • 1Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 711-873, Republic of Korea. cgkim@digst.ac.kr.

Lab on a Chip
|December 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study presents an on-chip magnetometer using a planar Hall magnetoresistive (PHR) sensor and microfluidic channels. It achieves high sensitivity for detecting magnetic nanoparticles in small volumes.

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Magnetometry

Background:

  • Developing highly sensitive, miniaturized magnetometers is crucial for various applications.
  • Integrating sensors with microfluidic systems enables precise manipulation and analysis of small sample volumes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize an on-chip magnetometer by integrating a planar Hall magnetoresistive (PHR) sensor with microfluidic channels.
  • To demonstrate the sensor's capability in detecting and quantifying magnetic nanoparticles in picoliter volumes.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an on-chip magnetometer using a NiFe/Cu/IrMn trilayer PHR sensor integrated with microfluidic channels.
  • Monitoring PHR signals during the oscillation of 35 pL droplets of magnetic nanoparticles.
  • Comparison of on-chip sensor data with measurements from a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

Main Results:

  • The integrated PHR sensor exhibited high in-plane field sensitivity (8.5 μV/Oe).
  • Reversed PHR signal profiles were measured for positive and negative z-fields, increasing with applied field strength.
  • Excellent agreement was found between on-chip sensor measurements and VSM data, with a magnetic moment resolution of approximately 10(-10) emu.

Conclusions:

  • The developed on-chip magnetometer offers high sensitivity and resolution for detecting magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic systems.
  • This technology shows promise for applications requiring precise magnetic measurements of small volumes, such as bio-sensing and materials characterization.