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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
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Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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Compounded pain formulations: what is the evidence?

Scott Asbill, Sarah M Sweitzer, Shuler Spigener

    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
    |December 6, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chronic pain affects many, increasing with an aging population. This review explores compounded topical pain relief, examining drug permeation and efficacy for conditions like diabetic neuropathy and arthritis.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Pharmacology
    • Dermatology

    Background:

    • Chronic pain syndromes are a widespread, costly, and debilitating neurological disorder.
    • Prevalence is increasing due to aging populations, obesity, and diabetes.
    • Many chronic pain conditions are resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review chronic pain as a disease, its mechanisms, and current treatment strategies.
    • To discuss compounded analgesic preparations, particularly topical/transdermal formulations.
    • To examine the permeation and efficacy of compounded drugs in topical gels and creams.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of chronic pain mechanisms and treatments.
    • Analysis of compounded pain management drugs, focusing on topical formulations.

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  • Examination of clinical trial data for topical analgesic efficacy and permeation.

    • Main Results:

    • Compounded topical analgesics are increasingly prescribed for various pain conditions.
    • Topical/transdermal gels and creams are common dosage forms for these preparations.
    • Limited data exists on the permeation and efficacy of compounded drugs from topical gels.

    Conclusions:

    • Chronic pain management is a growing challenge, with increasing reliance on compounded medications.
    • Topical/transdermal formulations offer a significant approach to pain management.
    • Further research is needed to establish the permeation and efficacy of compounded topical analgesics.