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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays
Published on: April 23, 2012
[Characteristics of mycotoxin accumulation in lichens]
Abstract:
The levels and frequencies of mycotoxin accumulation in lichens belonging to 20 genera of the families Cladoniaceae, Nephromataceae, Parmeliaceae, Peltigeraceae, Telosshistaceae, and Umbilicari- aceae were characterized using enzyme immunoassay. Alternariol, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, cit- rinin, cyclopiazonic acid, and emodin were regularly detected in all genera, except for Peltigera, at an average level of more than 1000 ng/g (i.e., 0.0001%). The necessity for the safety monitoring of drugs based on lichen extractives is discussed.
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