Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 19, 2026
14:56
An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain PPOP
Published on: January 27, 2010
22.2K
Parent participation in a childhood immunization pain reduction method
Linda S Franck1, F Ralph Berberich2, Anna Taddio3
1University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA linda.franck@ucsf.edu.
Clinical Pediatrics
|December 6, 2014
Summary
Parent participation (PP) in prekindergarten immunization pain management was feasible and acceptable. While children reported more pain with PP, it may not be clinically significant, and the intervention reduced medical staff needs.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Pain Management
- Immunization Practices
Background:
- Prekindergarten immunizations can be painful for children.
- Parent participation (PP) is an evidence-based method to reduce pain during medical procedures.
- The effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of PP for immunization pain require evaluation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of parent participation (PP) in reducing prekindergarten immunization pain.
- To compare a multimodal distraction method with PP and one medical assistant to standard care with two medical assistants.
Main Methods:
- A randomized controlled trial involving 76 healthy children aged 4 to 6 years.
- Children were randomized to either the experimental group (multimodal distraction with PP and 1 medical assistant) or the comparison group (standard care with 2 medical assistants).
- Pain was assessed via child- and parent-reports, and observer-rated coding from videotapes. Intervention fidelity, procedure duration, and satisfaction were also measured.
Main Results:
- More children in the medical assistant-only group received a 3-injection series (68%) compared to the PP group (15%).
- Child-reported pain was higher in the PP group (2.95) versus the medical assistant-only group (1.75) after adjusting for injection number.
- No significant differences were found in parent-reported pain, observer-rated pain, intervention fidelity, procedure duration, or child/parent satisfaction between the groups.
Conclusions:
- Parent participation (PP) was feasible and acceptable for prekindergarten immunization pain management.
- Although child-reported pain was higher with PP, the difference may not be clinically significant.
- PP reduced the need for additional medical personnel and showed preliminary support for its use in immunization pain management.
Related Concept Videos
01:22Methods of reducing fever
1.6K
The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
1.6K
01:51Vaccinations
54.7K
Overview
54.7K
01:26Tonsillitis II: Management
639
This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
639
01:25Analgesia and Pain Management
3.3K
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
3.3K