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Inter- and intraspecies chemical sensitivity: a case study using 2,4-dinitroanisole.

Alan J Kennedy1, Jennifer G Laird, Chris Lounds

  • 1US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
|December 6, 2014
PubMed
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Dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive munition component, shows moderate aquatic toxicity. Fish survival was more sensitive than cladoceran survival, but cladoceran reproduction was equally or more sensitive, indicating potential environmental risks.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Chemical Safety

Background:

  • Insensitive munitions (IMs) offer enhanced safety over traditional explosives like TNT.
  • Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a key component in IMs, necessitating toxicological assessment.
  • Limited ecotoxicological data exists for DNAN, particularly concerning environmental discharges and training ranges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the acute and chronic aquatic toxicity of Dinitroanisole (DNAN).
  • To compare the sensitivity of different aquatic species to DNAN exposure.
  • To establish baseline toxicity data for DNAN to inform environmental risk assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed on fish (Pimephales promelas) and two cladoceran species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex).
Keywords:
DinitroanisoleDinitrophenolInsensitive munitionSpecies sensitivityToxicity

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  • Standard ecotoxicological endpoints including survival and reproduction were measured.
  • Concentrations were reported as 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and 50% inhibition values.

    • Main Results:

    • DNAN exhibited 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values ranging from 14.2 to 42.0 mg/L across species in acute tests.
    • Chronic exposure revealed fish survival (LC50 = 10.0 mg/L) was more sensitive than cladoceran survival (LC50 = 13.7 to >24.2 mg/L).
    • Cladoceran reproduction was highly sensitive to DNAN, with 50% inhibition values between 2.7-10.6 mg/L, and Daphnia pulex was the most sensitive species.

    Conclusions:

    • DNAN demonstrates moderate aquatic toxicity, with cladoceran reproduction being a particularly sensitive endpoint.
    • While less toxic than TNT, DNAN's environmental impact requires further investigation, especially concerning mixtures and environmental transformation products.
    • Further research is recommended to assess synergistic effects in IM mixtures and the implications of DNAN photo-oxidation.