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Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, a cognitive factor that significantly influences personality development and learning. Locus of control refers to an individual's beliefs about the extent of control they have over events in their lives. According to Rotter, this belief system can be categorized into two types: internal and external locus of control.
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Locus of control describes how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives, influencing motivation and well-being. Introduced by Julian Rotter in 1954, it is categorized into internal and external locus of control.Internal Locus of ControlIndividuals with an internal locus of control believe their actions determine outcomes, fostering responsibility, self-efficacy, and motivation. For example, an employee may attribute career success to hard work. Research links this mindset to...
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Controller Configurations01:22

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Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
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Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

WheelCon: A Wheel Control-Based Gaming Platform for Studying Human Sensorimotor Control
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Examining contextual control in roulette gambling.

Seth W Whiting1, Mark R Dixon

  • 1SouthernIllinois University Carbondale.

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
|December 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Derived rules significantly influenced roulette betting behavior. Participants learned to bet more on colors associated with "more than" cues, demonstrating rule-based betting adjustments.

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Understanding how derived relational rules impact gambling behavior is crucial.
  • Previous research has explored factors influencing betting patterns, but the role of specific rule derivation needs further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of derived relational rules on betting choices in a simulated roulette game.
  • To determine if participants would adjust their betting strategy based on learned associations between contextual cues and bet frequency.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve college students participated in a pretest-posttest design.
  • Participants underwent a relational training procedure establishing "more than" and "less than" functions for betting on red or black.
Keywords:
contextual controlcontextual cuegamblingrelational trainingroulette

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  • Betting behavior was assessed before and after the training in a simulated roulette task.

    • Main Results:

    • Following relational training, 11 out of 12 participants significantly increased their betting on the color associated with the "more than" cue.
    • This demonstrates a clear behavioral shift driven by the derived rule.

    Conclusions:

    • Derived relational rules can powerfully shape gambling behavior, even in simple probabilistic tasks like roulette.
    • The findings suggest that individuals can learn and apply abstract rules to guide their betting decisions, moving beyond simple chance.
    • This has implications for understanding addiction and developing interventions for problematic gambling.