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Multicellularity in green algae: upsizing in a walled complex.

David S Domozych1, Catherine E Domozych1

  • 1Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs NY, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|December 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Green algae utilize extracellular matrices (ECM) for multicellularity, with diverse cell wall compositions facilitating cell adhesion and colony formation. Future research will illuminate the evolution and subcellular mechanisms driving this complexity.

Keywords:
cell wallcytokinesisextracellular matrixglycoproteinmulticellularitypectin

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Area of Science:

  • * Botany
  • * Evolutionary Biology
  • * Cell Biology

Background:

  • * Modern green algae exhibit diverse multicellular forms, including colonial, filamentous, and parenchymatous structures.
  • * All multicellular green algae possess an extracellular matrix (ECM), typically a cell wall, crucial for maintaining their structure.
  • * The composition of the ECM varies across different green algal lineages, suggesting diverse evolutionary strategies for multicellularity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To explore the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the evolution and maintenance of multicellularity in green algae.
  • * To highlight the biochemical diversity of cell walls and their components in different green algal groups.
  • * To emphasize the interplay between cellular processes and environmental factors in ECM formation.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of existing literature on green algal cell wall composition and structure.
  • * Comparative analysis of ECM components across various multicellular green algal taxa (e.g., Volvocales, ulvophytes, charophytes).
  • * Discussion of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in ECM synthesis and remodeling.

Main Results:

  • * Diverse ECM compositions, including hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (Volvocales), uronic acid-rich and sulfated polysaccharides (ulvophytes), and pectin-rich walls (charophytes), are associated with multicellularity.
  • * These varied ECM components act as crucial adhesion agents, enabling the formation and stability of multicellular structures.
  • * Cell wall formation is a complex process involving coordinated membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and signal transduction.

Conclusions:

  • * The extracellular matrix is a key innovation enabling multicellularity in green algae, with diverse biochemical solutions.
  • * Understanding cell wall biochemistry and its genetic regulation is vital for deciphering the evolution of multicellularity.
  • * Advances in molecular genetics and cell biology promise deeper insights into the subcellular basis of multicellular development in green algae.