Prevention and treatment of injuries from cave exploration in Hawai'i

Cave exploration is a popular activity in the United States that can be challenging, thrilling, and dangerous. In addition to common risks associated with caves on the mainland, caves in Hawai'i may be filled with tidal water, or contain large pools of water that are accessible only through underwater entrances. This paper will discuss common injuries in caves on the mainland United States, as well as cave related injuries in Hawai'i as reported to the National Speleological Society from 1984-2013.