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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

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Hepatitis C: extrahepatic manifestations.

Julius Metts1, Lesley Carmichael2, Winfred Kokor3

  • 1California Substance Abuse and Treatment Center, 900 Quebec Ave, Corcoran, CA 93212.

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|December 6, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection frequently causes extrahepatic manifestations (EHM), impacting various organs. Mixed cryoglobulinemia is a common EHM, presenting with symptoms like joint pain and skin issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is linked to numerous extrahepatic manifestations (EHM).
  • EHMs affect multiple organs in 40-75% of patients with chronic HCV infection.
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia (type 2) is the most recognized EHM, seen in up to 50% of cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between chronic HCV infection and its diverse extrahepatic manifestations.
  • To detail the clinical and morphological characteristics of mixed cryoglobulinemia in HCV patients.
  • To explore the autoimmune mechanisms underlying other non-cryoglobulinemic EHMs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HCV-associated extrahepatic manifestations.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and pathological findings of mixed cryoglobulinemia.
  • Examination of proposed autoimmune pathways for other EHMs.

Main Results:

  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia presents clinically with arthralgia, weakness, and cutaneous symptoms.
  • Morphologically, immune complex deposition in small vessels causes leukocytoclastic vasculitis and in glomeruli causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
  • Autoimmune processes are implicated in other EHMs like Sjögren syndrome, lichen planus, and autoimmune thyroiditis.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic HCV infection is a significant cause of diverse extrahepatic manifestations.
  • Mixed cryoglobulinemia is a well-documented HCV-related EHM with specific clinical and pathological features.
  • Autoimmunity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various HCV-associated EHMs.