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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

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Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
Gastric acid, a potent cocktail of hydrogen and chloride ions, is produced in specialized parietal cells within the...
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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

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Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Histamine H2 receptors, which are intricately located on the basolateral membrane of parietal cells, play a crucial role in modulating gastric acid secretion. When released from enterochromaffin-like cells, histamine engages H2 receptors, initiating the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. In this pathway, adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP, elevating intracellular cAMP levels. The activation of protein kinase A follows, stimulating the proton pump. This stimulation prompts the secretion of hydrogen...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

The Portable Chemical Sterilizer PCS, D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
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PCDD/Fs' suppression by sulfur-amine/ammonium compounds.

Jian-Ying Fu1, Xiao-Dong Li1, Tong Chen1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, China.

Chemosphere
|December 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Thiourea effectively inhibits polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation, showing high efficiency even at low molar ratios. This environmentally friendly compound is a promising inhibitor for incinerator systems.

Keywords:
Aminosulfonic acidAmmonium thiosulfateInhibitionModel fly ashPCDD/FsThiourea

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Combustion Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are toxic byproducts of combustion.
  • Effective inhibitors are needed to reduce PCDD/Fs emissions from incineration processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds as PCDD/Fs inhibitors.
  • To investigate thiourea as a novel inhibitor for PCDD/Fs formation.

Main Methods:

  • Tested ammonium thiosulfate, aminosulfonic acid, and thiourea as inhibitors.
  • Monitored PCDD/Fs formation and inhibition efficiency at various molar ratios and temperatures.
  • Analyzed decomposition products using Gasmet.

Main Results:

  • All tested compounds suppressed PCDD/Fs formation; thiourea showed particularly high inhibition (97.3% PCDD/Fs, 99.8% I-TEQ) at a (S+N)/Cl molar ratio of 0.47.
  • Thiourea's inhibition efficiency decreased at higher temperatures (650 °C) and higher molar ratios.
  • Inhibition was influenced by nitrogen functional groups (-NH2 more efficient than -NH4(+)) and molar ratio.

Conclusions:

  • Thiourea is a highly effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly inhibitor for PCDD/Fs.
  • Its application in incinerators is promising due to high efficiency and potential cost compensation.
  • Further research into optimal application conditions is warranted.