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Euchromatin

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

Euchromatin

Euchromatin

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Chromatin regulation: how complex does it get?

Karin Meier¹, Alexander Brehm

¹a Institut für Molekularbiologie und Tumorforschung ; Philipps-Universität Marburg ; Marburg , Germany.

|December 9, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene transcription regulation involves complex protein assemblies. This review highlights repressor complexes with MBT domain proteins and CoREST, revealing unexpected diversity and subunit sharing in chromatin regulation.

Keywords:

ATP, adenosine triphosphate BAP, brahma associated protein BHC80, BRAF-histone deacetylase complex 80 BRG1, brahma Related Gene 1 CHD, chromo domain helicase DNA binding CoREST CoREST REST, corepressor DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid DNMT, DNA methyltransferase DP-1, dimerization partner 1 E2F, E2 transcription Factor ELM2, EGL-27 and MTA1 homology 2 ES cell, embryonic stem cells H, histone HDAC, histone deacetylas HMTase, histone methylase HP1, heterochromatin protein 1 K, lysine L3MBTL, lethal 3 malignant brain tumor-like LINT, l(3)mbt interacting LSD1, lysine-specific demethylase 1 Lint-1, l(3)mbt interacting 1 MBT protein MBT, malignant brain tumor MBTS, malignant brain tumor signature NPA1, nucleosome assembly protein NRSF, neural-restrictive silencing factor NuRD, nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase PBAP, polybromo-associated BAP PHD, plant homeo domain PRC1, polycomb repressive complex 1 PRE, polycomb responsive element Pc, polycomb PcG, polycomb group Ph, polyhomeotic Pho, pleiohomeotic PhoRC, Pho repressive complex Psc, posterior sex combs RB, retinoblastoma REST, repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor RNA, ribonucleic acid Rpd3, reduced potassium dependency 3 SANT, SWI/ADA2/N-CoR/TFIIIB SCML, sex combs on midleg-like SLC, SFMBT1, LSD1, CoREST SWH, Salvador-Warts-Hippo SWI/SNF, switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting Sce, sex combs extra Scm, sex combs on midleg Sfmbt, Scm-related gene containing 4 mbt domains TSS, transcription start site YY1, ying-yang 1 ZNF, zinc finger complex family dL(3)mbt, Drosophila Lethal 3 malignant brain tumor hBRM, human Brahma l(3)mbt, lethal 3 malignant brain tumor protein complex transcriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
Genetics

Background:

Gene transcription is crucial for cellular function, varying with cell type and developmental stage.
Chromatin state significantly influences gene expression levels.
Chromatin-modifying complexes, comprising multiple protein subunits, regulate transcription through activities like histone binding.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on repressor complexes containing MBT domain proteins and/or the CoREST co-repressor.
To illustrate the heterogeneity and subunit sharing within chromatin-regulating protein complexes.
To challenge existing definitions and conceptualizations of protein complexes.

Main Methods:

Biochemical purifications of chromatin-associated multisubunit protein complexes.
Analysis of protein subunit composition and functional activities.
Literature review focusing on MBT domain proteins and CoREST co-repressor complexes.

Main Results:

Recent studies reveal unexpected diversity in complexes previously thought to be unique.
Protein subunits are shared across different complexes, forming novel assemblies.
Repressor complexes with MBT domain proteins and CoREST exemplify this heterogeneity and tool sharing.

Conclusions:

Chromatin-regulating protein complexes exhibit significant heterogeneity and subunit sharing.
The definition and understanding of protein complexes require re-evaluation based on new findings.
MBT domain proteins and CoREST are key components in understanding complex regulatory mechanisms.