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Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
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Young children's automatic encoding of social categories.

Kara Weisman1, Marissa V Johnson1, Kristin Shutts1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.

Developmental Science
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Young children automatically encode gender more readily than race. While sensitive to both, they confuse same-gender targets more often, suggesting gender is a more fundamental social category in early development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Cognition
  • Child Development

Background:

  • Understanding how children perceive and categorize social information is crucial for developmental psychology.
  • Previous research indicates children form social categories early, but automatic encoding processes require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the automatic encoding of gender and race in young children.
  • To determine if children's encoding of social categories differs based on perceptual similarity and social environment.

Main Methods:

  • Three- to 6-year-old children learned facts about unfamiliar targets varying in gender or race.
  • Error analysis during a memory task examined confusion patterns between targets.
  • A social preference measure assessed sensitivity to gender and race information.

Main Results:

  • Children were more likely to confuse same-gender targets than different-gender targets.
  • Confusion rates for racial categories were similar within and across groups.
  • Social environment diversity correlated with race encoding but not racial preference strength.

Conclusions:

  • Young children do not automatically encode all perceptible social features.
  • Gender appears to be a more fundamental social category than race for automatic encoding in early childhood.
  • Sensitivity to social categories does not always equate to automatic, error-free encoding.