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Related Concept Videos

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins,...
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GTPases and their Regulation02:14

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Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
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Detection of Small GTPase Prenylation and GTP Binding Using Membrane Fractionation and GTPase-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Rho GTPases in embryonic development.

Philippe M Duquette1, Nathalie Lamarche-Vane

  • 1a McGill University ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology ; Montreal , QC Canada.

Small Gtpases
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mouse models reveal crucial roles for Rho GTPases (cell division control protein 42, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1, and Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) in early development. This review details their functions in embryogenesis and organ development.

Keywords:
Cdc42Rac1RhoAcell fatecell migrationcell polaritycytoskeletonembryonic developmentmouse modelstubulogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Rho GTPases, including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, are key regulators of cellular processes.
  • Understanding their specific functions requires precise genetic tools.
  • Mouse models have become indispensable for studying these GTPases in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on mouse models with tissue-specific ablation of Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA.
  • To highlight the contributions of these models to understanding early development.
  • To focus on specific developmental processes influenced by these GTPases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies utilizing genetically engineered mouse models.
  • Analysis of phenotypes resulting from tissue-specific knockout of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42.
  • Focus on developmental stages and specific organ systems.

Main Results:

  • Mouse models have elucidated the critical roles of Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA in early embryogenesis.
  • These models demonstrate the involvement of Rho GTPases in epithelial and skin morphogenesis.
  • Studies show their importance in tubulogenesis, central nervous system development, and limb development.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue-specific ablation mouse models are powerful tools for dissecting Rho GTPase functions.
  • These models have significantly advanced our understanding of developmental processes.
  • Further research using these models will continue to uncover intricate regulatory mechanisms.