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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Well-defined biohybrids using reversible-deactivation radical polymerization procedures.

Saadyah Averick1, Ryan A Mehl2, Subha R Das3

  • 1Laboratory for Bimolecular Medicine, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, 320 E. North St., Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) advances bioconjugate synthesis, enabling novel functional materials. This method is key for creating advanced biohybrids with proteins, DNA, and RNA.

Keywords:
ATRPBioconjugatesBiohybridsPolymerRAFTRDRP

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional poly(ethylene glycol) functionalization has limitations in creating complex biomaterials.
  • Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) offers enhanced control over polymer architecture and functionality.
  • Bioconjugate synthesis is crucial for developing advanced therapeutic and diagnostic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of RDRP methods in bioconjugate synthesis.
  • To highlight the advantages of RDRP over conventional techniques for biomaterial preparation.
  • To showcase the synthesis of protein, DNA, and RNA biohybrids using RDRP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing various RDRP techniques (e.g., ATRP, RAFT) for polymer synthesis.
  • Functionalizing polymers with biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA.
  • Characterizing the synthesized biohybrid materials for structure and function.

Main Results:

  • RDRP enables the synthesis of well-defined polymers with tailored architectures.
  • Successful preparation of diverse functional biomaterials previously unattainable.
  • Demonstrated versatility of RDRP in creating protein-polymer, DNA-polymer, and RNA-polymer conjugates.

Conclusions:

  • RDRP is a powerful and versatile platform for advanced bioconjugate synthesis.
  • The ability to precisely control polymer structure is critical for biohybrid design.
  • RDRP significantly expands the possibilities for creating novel functional biomaterials for various applications.