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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection

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Hepatitis B vaccination.

Luisa Romanò1, Sara Paladini, Cristina Galli

  • 1a Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano, Italy.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutations can allow the virus to evade vaccine-induced immunity, leading to breakthrough infections. However, current vaccine escape mutants do not pose a significant public health threat.

Keywords:
HBVHBV escape mutantsHepatitis BHepatitis B vaccinationdrug resistant mutants

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma globally.
  • Effective vaccines exist, significantly reducing HBV burden, carrier states, and mortality where implemented.
  • Neutralizing antibodies (anti-HBs) target the HBV surface antigen's (HBsAg) 'a' determinant (aa 124-149), providing broad protection against genotypes A-H.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate mutations in the HBsAg 'a' determinant that can lead to vaccine breakthrough infections.
  • To understand the mechanisms by which HBV mutants evade vaccine-induced immunity.
  • To assess the current impact of vaccine escape mutants on public health and vaccination programs.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of HBV mutations within the HBsAg 'a' determinant.
  • Analysis of viral genetic sequences, including point mutations like G145R.
  • Review of clinical data regarding breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals.

Main Results:

  • The G145R mutation in the 'a' determinant prevents recognition by vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies.
  • Other S-gene mutations and mutations associated with antiviral resistance can also affect HBsAg immunoreactivity.
  • These mutants have the potential to infect both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals.

Conclusions:

  • While vaccine escape mutants can emerge, their overall impact is currently low and they do not necessitate changes to current hepatitis B vaccination programs.
  • Continued development of novel nucleos(t)ide analogues with a high barrier to resistance is important.
  • Monitoring HBV evolution and its impact on vaccine efficacy remains crucial for public health.