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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Adding fuel to the fire: immunogenic intensification.

Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne1, James L Gulley

  • 1a Genitourinary Malignancies Branch; Medical Oncology Service; National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health ; Bethesda , MD USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy agents show durable clinical benefits, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Further research focuses on enhancing anti-tumor responses through antigen recognition and immune cell pathways, addressing challenges for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
APC, antigen-presenting cellsCARs, chimeric antigen receptorsHER2, epidermal growth factor receptor 2MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cellsMHC I, major histocompatibility class I moleculesPD-1, programmed death-1PD-L1PD-L1, programmed death-ligand-1TAA, tumor-associated antigenTAP, transporter of antigen processingTILs, tumor infiltrating lymphocytesTregs, regulatory T cellsactivated T cellcancercheckpoint inhibitorimmunogenic intensificationmAB, monoclonal antibodiesmCRPC, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancervaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Immunotherapy agents demonstrate durable long-term clinical benefits in select patients.
  • There is a growing focus on immunotherapy in clinical trials due to its therapeutic potential.
  • Renewed interest in understanding tumoral antigen recognition and immune cell pathways for anti-tumor responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy agents.
  • To investigate the drivers of tumoral antigen recognition and immune cell-mediated anti-tumor responses.
  • To identify strategies for overcoming challenges in immunotherapy development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data and emerging research on immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of immune system pathways involved in anti-tumor responses.
  • Exploration of novel treatment combinations and immunogenic intensification strategies.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy offers significant long-term clinical benefits for certain patient populations.
  • Understanding antigen recognition and immune cell activation is crucial for effective anti-tumor immunity.
  • Challenges include inducing endogenous responses, modulating the tumor microenvironment, and amplifying T-cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy holds substantial therapeutic promise, evidenced by clinical benefits and trial prominence.
  • Optimizing anti-tumor immune responses requires a deep understanding of antigen recognition and immune cell dynamics.
  • Novel treatment combinations, particularly those enhancing immunogenicity, are key to advancing immunotherapy efficacy.