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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

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Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
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In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

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Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are...
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Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid function in older adults.

Srishti Shrestha1, Michael S Bloom2, Recai Yucel1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.

Environment International
|December 9, 2014
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Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) like PFOS and PFOA are linked to subtle thyroid function changes in older adults. These effects are influenced by age and other pollutants such as PCBs and PBDEs.

Keywords:
Older adultsPerfluoroalkyl substancesPolybrominated diphenyl ethersPolychlorinated biphenylsThyroid functionThyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread environmental contaminants.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding PFASs' impact on thyroid function, especially in aging populations.
  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for metabolic regulation and overall health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid function (TSH, fT4, T4, T3) in an aging population.
  • To determine if other persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), modify these associations.
  • To assess potential interactions between PFASs, age, and other pollutants on thyroid hormone levels.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 87 adults aged 55–74 without diagnosed thyroid disease.
  • Serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PCBs, and PBDEs were measured.
  • Multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze associations and interactions with thyroid hormone levels (TSH, fT4, T4, T3).

Main Results:

  • Increased serum PFOS levels were associated with higher free thyroxine (fT4) and total thyroxine (T4) levels.
  • Interactions between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and age were observed, with higher PFOA and older age linked to increased fT4 and T4.
  • Statistical interactions were found between PFOS and total PCBs for T3, and between PFOA and total PBDEs for TSH.

Conclusions:

  • PFASs are associated with subtle alterations in thyroid hormone levels in aging adults.
  • The impact of PFASs on thyroid function is likely modified by age and co-exposure to other persistent organic pollutants like PCBs and PBDEs.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and long-term health implications of these findings.