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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages
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MicroRNA-146a: A Dominant, Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response.

Reuben Saba1, Debra L Sorensen1, Stephanie A Booth2

  • 1Molecular PathoBiology, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, MB , Canada.

Frontiers in Immunology
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a key regulator of immune responses, fine-tuning inflammation and immune tolerance. This microRNA also influences cell differentiation, immunity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
innate immunitymicroRNAsneurodegenerationtoll-like receptors

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs regulating biological processes.
  • MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is crucial in immune and inflammatory signaling.
  • miR-146a targets IRAK1 and TRAF6, and its expression is induced by bacterial endotoxin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central role of miR-146a in innate immunity.
  • To focus on miR-146a's regulation of Toll/IL-1 receptors (TLRs) signaling.
  • To discuss miR-146a's involvement in autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on miR-146a.
  • Analysis of miR-146a's regulatory mechanisms in innate immunity.
  • Examination of miR-146a's role in TLR signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • miR-146a acts as a fine-tuning mechanism to prevent inflammatory overstimulation and promote immune tolerance.
  • miR-146a regulates megakaryocytic and monocytic lineage differentiation, adaptive immunity, and cancer.
  • Dysregulation of miR-146a is implicated in autoimmune pathologies and neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • miR-146a plays a pivotal role in innate immunity, particularly in TLR signaling.
  • miR-146a's dysregulation contributes to various diseases, highlighting its therapeutic potential.
  • Further research into miR-146a functions is warranted for understanding and treating immune-related and neurological disorders.