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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Scrutinizing the epigenetics revolution.

Maurizio Meloni1, Giuseppe Testa2

  • 1School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham , Law and Social Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK . ; Honorary, College of Social Sciences and International Studies, University of Exeter , EX4 4RJ, Exeter, UK.

Biosocieties
|December 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetics is revolutionizing life sciences, but its scope and societal impact require critical examination. This study proposes a social theory framework to analyze epigenetics, guiding its socially relevant applications.

Keywords:
epigeneticsimaginariesmolecularizationplasticityresponsibilitysocial policy

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Area of Science:

  • Life Sciences
  • Social Theory
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Epigenetics is a rapidly expanding field in life sciences.
  • The discourse surrounding epigenetics is often blurred, leading to uncertainty about its societal implications.
  • There is a need to scrutinize the fundamentals and scope of epigenetic research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a roadmap for social theorizing on epigenetics.
  • To guide the framing of socially relevant outputs from epigenetic research.
  • To critically analyze the epistemological and normative dimensions of epigenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Epistemological reappraisal of epigenetic discourse.
  • Analyzing controversies and visions surrounding epigenetics.
  • Probing the mutual constitution of epigenetic changes and normative settlements.
  • Highlighting the material impact of epigenetics and the molecularization of culture.

Main Results:

  • Valorizing the blurring of meanings in epigenetic discourse as a critical asset.
  • Identifying three key paths for social investigation into epigenetics.
  • Establishing a framework for understanding epigenetics as a juncture between nature and nurture.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed social theory framework offers an epistemically and socially self-reflective approach to studying epigenetics.
  • Epigenetics represents a critical frontier in the social studies of life sciences.
  • This work guides the socially relevant application of epigenetics research.