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The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Periareolar extra-glandular breast augmentation.

Muhammad Humayun Mohmand¹, Muhammad Ahmad²

¹Cosmetic Plastic Surgeon, La Chirurgie, Islamabad Cosmetic Surgery Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan;

World Journal of Plastic Surgery

|December 10, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The periareolar extra-glandular breast augmentation offers a viable option with minimal complications. This surgical technique demonstrates good outcomes for breast augmentation patients.

Keywords:

Breast augmentation Extra-glandular Periareolar

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Aesthetic Surgery

Background:

Breast augmentation is a common cosmetic procedure.
The American Society of Plastic Surgeons reported it as the most frequent procedure in 2009.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the periareolar extra-glandular breast augmentation technique.
To evaluate the outcomes and side-effects of this approach.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 32 female patients underwent periareolar incision for breast augmentation between 2004 and 2010.
Dissection created a subglandular pocket, and implants were placed.
Sutures secured the inframammary fold, and incisions were closed with non-absorbable sutures.

Main Results:

The average patient age was 30.7 years, with an average incision length of 5.8 cm.
No cases of implant infection or removal were observed; only two patients had stretched scars.
Sensory changes decreased from 21.9% at 3 months to 6.3% at 6 months, with no capsular contracture or visible deformities.

Conclusions:

The extra-glandular periareolar approach is a safe and effective option for breast augmentation.
This technique is associated with few side-effects but requires advanced surgical skill.