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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

A Protocol for Decellularizing Mouse Cochleae for Inner Ear Tissue Engineering
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Normative inner ear volumetric measurements.

Michael T Teixido1, Gary Kirkilas, Peter Seymour

  • 1From the *Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; †Christiana Care Health Systems, Newark, Delaware; ‡Loma Linda Medical Center Loma Linda, California; §Colden & Seymour ENT and Allergy, Newburyport, Massachusetts; ∥University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; ¶Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Saad Specialist Hospital, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia; and #Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|December 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study establishes normative inner ear volume using 3D CT scans, finding a significant correlation between labyrinth axial length and volume. This length can estimate inner ear volume for clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biometry

Background:

  • Accurate inner ear volumetric measurements are crucial for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
  • Previous methods for inner ear volume assessment have limitations.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) offers potential for precise anatomical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine normative inner ear volumetric measurements from 3D CT images.
  • To investigate the correlation between the axial length and volume of the labyrinth.
  • To explore the clinical utility of this correlation for estimating inner ear drug distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Amira 5.2.2 software to generate 3D isosurface models of the labyrinth from 2D CT scans of 35 normal patients.
  • Performed dimensional analysis to measure inner ear volume and greatest axial length.
  • Employed paired t tests and Pearson correlation for statistical analysis.

Main Results:

  • The mean inner ear volume was 221.5 ± 24.3 μL.
  • The mean axial length of the labyrinth was 1.713 ± 0.064 cm.
  • Axial length successfully estimated volume within 10% accuracy 74.3% of the time, with a statistically significant positive correlation observed.

Conclusions:

  • Normative inner ear volumetric data can be reliably obtained using 3D CT imaging and specialized software.
  • A significant positive correlation exists between labyrinth axial length and volume.
  • Inner ear axial length serves as a viable predictor for labyrinth volume, potentially aiding in clinical assessments like drug concentration estimation.