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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

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Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
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Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of β-Ketoacids01:02

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Carboxylic acids, upon heating, undergo a decarboxylation reaction by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Monocarboxylic acids do not undergo decarboxylation easily. However, a silver salt of carboxylic acid reacts with bromine or iodine under high temperature to release carbon dioxide gas and forms halide with one less carbon. This reaction is called the Hunsdiecker reaction.
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

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Decoding Ci: from partial degradation to inhibition.

Yue Xiong1, Chunying Liu, Yun Zhao

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway regulates development. This review details how Cubitus interruptus (Ci) protein degradation, controlled by ubiquitin ligases, precisely relays Hh signals for proper gene expression and development.

Keywords:
Hedgehog signalingcubitus interruptus degradationfeedback regulationphosphorylationubiquitination

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is a crucial morphogen system regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue patterning in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
  • In invertebrates, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) protein acts as a key mediator, functioning as either a repressor or activator based on Hh gradient, thereby controlling target gene expression.
  • While Glioblastomas (Glis) are vertebrate homologs of Ci, their roles in mammalian Hh pathway regulation are more complex. Aberrant Hh signaling is implicated in developmental defects and cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review focuses on a specific aspect of Hh pathway regulation, concentrating on Cubitus interruptus (Ci) degradation within the Drosophila system.
  • The aim is to elucidate the mechanisms by which ubiquitin ligases modify Ci in response to varying Hh signals (strong or moderate).
  • The review seeks to explain how these modifications lead to complete or partial degradation of Ci by proteasomes, ensuring precise signal transduction.

Main Methods:

  • The review synthesizes findings from studies on the Drosophila Hh signaling pathway.
  • Emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms governing Ci degradation.
  • Analysis involves understanding the role of ubiquitin ligases and proteasomes in modulating Ci activity.

Main Results:

  • Different ubiquitin ligases modify Ci protein based on the strength of the Hh signal.
  • Strong Hh signals lead to complete degradation of Ci, while moderate signals result in partial degradation.
  • These degradation processes are critical for regulating Ci's function as a repressor or activator.

Conclusions:

  • Ci degradation is a precise mechanism for relaying Hh signals.
  • The controlled degradation of Ci by ubiquitin ligases and proteasomes ensures accurate target gene expression.
  • Understanding these regulatory steps provides insights into Hh pathway function and potential therapeutic interventions for related diseases.