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Related Concept Videos

Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

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After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) export from the mitochondrial matrix.

Fanny Ng1, Bor Luen Tang

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University Health System and.

Molecular Membrane Biology
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial protein export, unlike import, is poorly understood. Recent studies show the large pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) can be exported from mitochondria to the nucleus or lysosomes.

Keywords:
Lysosomemitochondriamitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs)nucleuspyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

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Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

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Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Molecular Mechanisms

Background:

  • Mitochondrial protein import mechanisms are well-established.
  • Mitochondrial protein export pathways remain largely uncharacterized.
  • Cellular physiology and pathology involve mitochondrial export.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on mitochondrial protein export.
  • To discuss the translocation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
  • To provide perspective on mitochondrial transport processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on mitochondrial protein export.
  • Analysis of evidence for large protein complex translocation.
  • Comparative discussion of mitochondrial import and export.

Main Results:

  • Recent reports indicate mitochondrial export of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
  • PDC or its subunits can be exported to lysosomes and the nucleus.
  • Evidence suggests the entire 8-10 MDa PDC complex can translocate to the nucleus.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial protein export is a developing area of research.
  • The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex represents a novel example of mitochondrial export.
  • Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of mitochondrial export.