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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

29.9K
Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Glycoconjugate vaccines: an update.

Mairi Vella1, David Pace

  • 1Mater Dei Hospital, Department of Paediatrics , Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD 2090 , Malta +356 2545 5567 ; +356 2545 4154 ; mairi.sciberras@gov.mt.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

New glycoconjugate vaccines offer protection against serious bacterial infections like Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for disease control, especially in resource-poor regions.

Keywords:
Haemophilus influenzae type bglycoconjugate vaccinesmeningococcuspneumococcusvaccine use

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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis are leading causes of severe infections globally.
  • Recent advancements have led to the development and introduction of new vaccines targeting these encapsulated bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines against encapsulated bacteria.
  • To discuss immunogenicity, safety, and disease burden impact of these vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines.
  • Analysis of immunogenicity and safety data.
  • Assessment of impact on disease burden.

Main Results:

  • Glycoconjugate vaccines have been licensed for protection against Hib, S. pneumoniae, and N. meningitidis.
  • Immunogenicity and safety data support vaccine licensure and expansion.
  • Vaccines have demonstrated an impact on reducing disease burden.

Conclusions:

  • Robust immunization programs and high uptake are vital for sustained low disease rates.
  • Epidemiological surveillance is essential for monitoring trends and guiding future vaccine development.
  • Addressing vaccine pricing and accessibility challenges is critical for resource-poor regions bearing the highest disease burden.