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Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...
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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
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Neuroplasticity01:01

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Cognitive Learning01:21

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Neuronal Communication01:28

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...
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Neurons as Communicators of the Brain01:22

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Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
Cell Body
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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Perspectives on Neuroscience
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How cognitive theory guides neuroscience.

Michael J Frank1, David Badre1

  • 1Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown Institute for Brain Science, United States.

Cognition
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive science and neuroscience are intertwined. Understanding the brain requires integrating cognitive principles with neural mechanisms for accurate behavioral research and discoveries.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience.

Background:

  • Cognitive science investigates unobservable mental processes driving behavior.
  • Cognitive neuroscience links cognitive processes to underlying neural mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the indispensable role of cognitive theory in advancing neuroscientific understanding of behavior.
  • To illustrate how cognitive principles guide neuroscientific research and discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key advancements in understanding the neural basis of behavior.
  • Analysis of examples from episodic memory, working memory, cognitive control, and decision-making domains.

Main Results:

  • Major neuroscientific breakthroughs historically depend on cognitive science principles.
Keywords:
Cognitive controlComputational modelsDecision makingMemoryNeuroscience

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  • Cognitive theorizing and experimentation are crucial for effective neuroscientific investigation.

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    • A purely neuroscientific approach without cognitive grounding is insufficient for studying behavior.
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