Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

6.5K
Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
6.5K
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

10.6K
Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
10.6K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

5.1K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
5.1K
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

7
Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
7
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

5.7K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
5.7K
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

96.8K
Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
96.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ancestry-linked IL-10 signaling and macrophage activation modulate fibroblast responses to oxidative stress in a PEG-based microphysiological system.

npj biomedical innovations·2026
Same author

Agreement between seroprevalence- and model-based estimates of COVID-19 burden.

Global health action·2026
Same author

Human placental trophoblasts support sustained <i>Treponema pallidum</i> replication and reveal new candidate host pathways implicated in congenital syphilis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Re: "Estimating the infection fatality rate of emerging diseases using a regression approach applied to global COVID-19 cases".

Journal of infection and public health·2026
Same author

Contemporary Step 1 Predictive Methods Across 12 US MD-Granting Medical Schools.

Teaching and learning in medicine·2026
Same author

Bacteriophage-mediated reduction of uropathogenic <i>E. coli</i> from the urogenital epithelium.

Infection and immunity·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.4K

Selective autophagy: xenophagy.

Kyle A Bauckman1, Nana Owusu-Boaitey1, Indira U Mysorekar2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Methods (San Diego, Calif.)
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This study defines methods to confirm xenophagy, an immune process where cells engulf pathogens. It expands the definition beyond microbes to include non-host entities like iron.

Keywords:
FerritinophagyInfectionInflammasomeLC3 Associated PhagocytosisSymbiophagyUPEC

More Related Videos

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
09:34

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 27, 2018

18.8K
Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
06:02

Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

Published on: August 4, 2022

3.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.4K
The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay &#8212; A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells
09:34

The Lactate Dehydrogenase Sequestration Assay — A Simple and Reliable Method to Determine Bulk Autophagic Sequestration Activity in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 27, 2018

18.8K
Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
06:02

Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

Published on: August 4, 2022

3.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Xenophagy is a crucial cellular defense mechanism involving the degradation of non-host entities via autophagy.
  • While significant progress has been made in understanding autophagosome-pathogen interactions, precise methods for confirming xenophagy remain undefined.
  • Existing knowledge gaps hinder a comprehensive understanding of this vital immune process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a methodical approach for confirming xenophagy.
  • To elucidate the interaction between autophagy and bacterial invasion.
  • To differentiate between various autophagic structures like autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and phagolysosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed description of experimental protocols for identifying and confirming xenophagic events.
  • Utilizing techniques to track autophagosome formation and cargo engulfment during bacterial infection.
  • Employing microscopy and biochemical assays to characterize autophagic compartments involved in xenophagy.

Main Results:

  • A clear, step-by-step methodology for confirming xenophagy is presented.
  • The study demonstrates the interaction of autophagy with bacterial invasion pathways.
  • Evidence supports the involvement of specific autophagic vesicles in pathogen clearance.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed methodology provides a robust framework for verifying xenophagy.
  • Xenophagy's role extends beyond microbial pathogens to include non-microbial entities, such as iron.
  • This research broadens the scope of xenophagy and its implications in cellular defense.