Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.9K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.9K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

12.3K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
12.3K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

4.4K
4.4K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

25.0K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
25.0K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

13.9K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
13.9K
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

20.4K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
20.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

NS2B is indispensable for NS3/NS5 interaction of Tembusu virus in living cells.

Poultry science·2025
Same author

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiling of waterfowl-derived Salmonella in Sichuan from 2021 to 2023.

Poultry science·2025
Same author

DPV UL46 activates EGFR-PI3K-AKT pathway to antagonize innate immunity by interfering with cGAS-STING-TBK-IRF7 Signalsome formation.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2025
Same author

Duck Plague Virus Full-Length UL15 Protein Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Which Not Only Possesses Nuclease Activity but Also Exerts ATPase and DNA-Binding Activity.

Veterinary sciences·2025
Same author

Orchestration of hepatocyte inflammatory responses by monocytes during acute viral hepatitis in ducks in vitro.

Veterinary research·2025
Same author

Pioneering discovery: US3-phosphorylated sites on VP22 orchestrate duck plague virus release and pathogenicity.

Poultry science·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

30.2K

Analysis of synonymous codon usage pattern in duck circovirus.

Yu Xu1, Renyong Jia1, Zhilong Zhang1

  • 1Avian Disease Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.

Gene
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Duck circovirus (DuCV) evolution shows distinct codon usage patterns between genotypes DuCV-1 and DuCV-2. Mutation pressure is a key driver, but other factors also influence viral evolution.

Keywords:
Codon usage patternDuck circovirusMutation pressureRecombination events

More Related Videos

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method
06:57

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

881
Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA
10:55

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Published on: October 11, 2013

20.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

30.2K
In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method
06:57

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

881
Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA
10:55

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Published on: October 11, 2013

20.6K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Duck circovirus (DuCV) causes immunosuppression and secondary infections in ducks.
  • Understanding DuCV's genetic characteristics is crucial for disease management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze synonymous codon usage (SCU) patterns in DuCV genomes.
  • To investigate the evolutionary relationships and factors influencing SCU in DuCV.

Main Methods:

  • Calculated relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), nucleotide content, and effective number of codons (ENC) for 53 DuCV genomes.
  • Utilized principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering based on RSCU values.
  • Compared SCU patterns between DuCV genotypes (DuCV-1 and DuCV-2) and functional genes (rep and cap).

Main Results:

  • DuCV genomes exhibit minimal overall codon usage bias, with most codons ending in 'C'.
  • Mutation pressure is the primary factor driving SCU bias, with composition constraints and translation selection also playing roles.
  • Significant differences in SCU bias were observed between DuCV-1 and DuCV-2 genotypes, with DuCV-2 being more conservative.
  • Functional genes (rep and cap) show distinct SCU evolution patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Genotype, subtype, and functional genes significantly influence DuCV's SCU patterns.
  • DuCV-2's conservatism may be linked to recombination events.
  • This study provides insights into DuCV's evolutionary dynamics and SCU characteristics.