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Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improving Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Surgical Accuracy and Efficiency Through Advanced Puncture Techniques
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Minimum cement volume for vertebroplasty.

David Martinčič1, Miha Brojan, Franc Kosel

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 9, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

International Orthopaedics
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fifteen percent cement fill in vertebroplasty is the minimum to restore vertebral stiffness and pressure. This volume, approximately 4-6 ml, optimizes biomechanical function without significant additional gains.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics
  • Spinal Surgery

Background:

  • Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a common spinal augmentation technique.
  • Despite its minimally invasive nature, it faces challenges like cement leakage and adjacent fractures.
  • Optimizing cement volume is crucial for efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To ascertain the minimum cement fill percentage required in vertebroplasty.
  • To evaluate the restoration of vertebral stiffness and adjacent intradiscal pressure.
  • To establish optimal cement volume for thoracolumbar vertebroplasty.

Main Methods:

  • Cadaveric study involving 13 thoracolumbar spine segments.
  • Vertebral fracture induction followed by vertebroplasty with incremental cement volumes (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%).
  • Biomechanical testing pre-fracture, post-fracture, and after each cement injection stage.

Main Results:

  • Vertebral fracture reduced compressive stiffness to 47% of pre-fracture levels.
  • 10% cement fill partially restored stiffness to 61%.
  • Intradiscal pressure increased to 71% at 15% cement fill.

Conclusions:

  • Both compressive stiffness and intradiscal pressure increase with cement fill percentage.
  • 15% cement fill represents the threshold for substantial biomechanical improvement.
  • Recommended minimum cement volume for vertebroplasty is 15% (4-6 ml).