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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

22.9K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
22.9K
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

10.7K
Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
10.7K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

16.6K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
16.6K
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

136.6K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
136.6K
α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:14

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

4.4K
Unlike aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids do not readily participate in α halogenation reactions via enols or enolate intermediates. However, α-halogenated acids are obtained through other methods. One of the approaches is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction, wherein the carboxylic acid is treated with halogen in the presence of PBr3. It involves the conversion of acid to acid halide, which exists in equilibrium with its enol form. The enol attacks the...
4.4K
Electrophiles02:28

Electrophiles

13.9K
This lesson explains the definition, classification, and characteristic features of an electrophile that are key features of nucleophilic substitution reactions. An analysis of their charge and orbital picture helps understand their reactivity for seeking electrons. Electrophiles can be classified into positive and neutral species. Other classes include free radicals and polar functional groups.
While a positive electrophile, like a proton, reacts due to its vacant, low-energy 1s orbital, the...
13.9K

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Updated: Apr 19, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

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Anion Recognition in Solution via Halogen Bonding.

Mark S Taylor1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3H6, mtaylor@chem.utoronto.ca.

Topics in Current Chemistry
|December 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anions effectively interact with electron-deficient halogens through halogen bonding. This study details the thermodynamics and design of multidentate halogen bond donors for selective anion recognition.

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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Halogen Bonding Interactions
  • Anion Recognition

Background:

  • Anions, like halides and oxoanions, possess high charge densities and nucleophilicities, suggesting potential as halogen bond acceptors.
  • The stability of trihalide anions (X3-) confirms the feasibility of anion-halogen interactions.
  • Supramolecular chemistry principles emphasize multidentate interactions for high guest affinity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of anion interactions with electron-deficient, covalently bound halogens.
  • To discuss the thermodynamics of trihalide formation and related anion-haloorganic complexes.
  • To highlight recent advancements in multidentate halogen bond donor design for anion recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Thermodynamic analysis of trihalide anion formation.
  • Investigation of complexes between anions and monodentate haloorganics in organic solvents.
  • Review of architectures for multidentate halogen bond donor design.

Main Results:

  • Halides and oxoanions are confirmed as effective halogen bond acceptors.
  • Detailed thermodynamic data for trihalide formation and analogous complexes are presented.
  • Novel multidentate halogen bond donors enabling selective and high-affinity anion recognition have been developed.

Conclusions:

  • Halogen bonding is a viable strategy for anion recognition, even in polar, protic media.
  • The design of multidentate halogen bond donors has significantly advanced anion binding capabilities.
  • This research underscores the potential of halogen bonding in supramolecular chemistry and sensing applications.