Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.

Self-Esteem

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Uncovering Psychiatric Readmission Patterns to Guide Hospital Practices.

Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)·2026

Same author

Suicidal thoughts and behaviours among construction workers: Identifying risks and protective factors.

Journal of affective disorders·2025

Same author

Dynamic prediction of inpatient self-harm and suicide attempts using machine learning: Toward data-driven clinical monitoring.

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology·2025

Same author

Beyond meaning in life: How a perceived futility in searching for meaning in life predicts suicidal ideation.

Death studies·2025

Same author

Improved dropout prediction in group cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) using classification trees.

Psychotherapy research : journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research·2025

Same author

Daily prediction of inpatient suicide attempts using routinely collected theory-driven data.

Journal of psychopathology and clinical science·2023

Same journal

Perinatal mental health issues in consultations regarding medication use during breastfeeding: Insights from the Japan Drug Information Institute in Pregnancy (JDIIP).

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Same journal

Mental health after unintended pregnancy: insights from a context with available abortion care.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Same journal

The evidence base of interventions to treat antenatal depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Same journal

Maternal peripartum stress: A new consensus-based definition.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Same journal

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and snuff use prior to and early in pregnancy.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

Same journal

Prenatal exposure to nicotine and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Archives of women's mental health·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Published on: March 14, 2018

Does the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measure the same constructs across time?

Nadia K Cunningham¹, Philippa M Brown², Andrew C Page³

¹School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, 6009, Australia. nadia.cunningham@research.uwa.edu.au.

Archives of Women'S Mental Health

|December 17, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) factor structure is not stable over time in postpartum women. Its factor structure changed from admission to discharge, impacting score comparability and screening abilities.

Keywords:

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Factor analysis Measurement invariance Postpartum depression

More Related Videos

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Published on: March 14, 2018

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Psychometrics
Perinatal Mental Health

Background:

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is widely used for perinatal depression screening.
Inconsistent factor structures across studies limit the EPDS's reliability.
Variability in EPDS factor structure may stem from the scale itself.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the stability of the EPDS factor structure in the same individuals over time.
To determine if the EPDS factor structure remains invariant from admission to discharge in postpartum inpatients.

Main Methods:

Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFAs and CFAs) were used.
Data from 636 postpartum inpatient females were analyzed.
EPDS data were collected at admission and discharge from a psychiatric mother and baby unit.

Main Results:

EFAs and CFAs supported a two-factor model at admission.
A three-factor model was supported at discharge.
The EPDS factor structure was not invariant between admission and discharge.

Conclusions:

The EPDS factor structure is not stable in postpartum inpatient females from admission to discharge.
Individuals' responses to EPDS items may vary with distress levels.
Findings suggest caution in comparing EPDS scores across time or groups.