Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 7, 2026
Handheld Metal Detector Screening for Metallic Foreign Body Ingestion in Children
Published on: September 11, 2018
How do children view other children who have visible enamel defects?
Sally A Craig1, Sarah R Baker2, Helen D Rodd1
1Unit of Oral Health and Development, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Background:
Facial and dental appearance influences how individuals are perceived by others.
Aim:
This study aimed to determine whether young people make judgements about other young people with visible enamel opacities.
Design:
Focus group findings were used to develop a social attribute questionnaire to capture young people's dental appearance-related judgements. 547 pupils (aged 11-15 years), from two different schools, participated in the study. Half the participants were given full-face photographs of a boy and girl without an enamel defect, and the other half were given the same two photographs with the subjects' incisors digitally modified to show enamel opacities. Participants completed the attribute questionnaire to rate the photographic subjects according to six positive and five negative descriptors using a four-point Likert scale. The total attribute score (TAS) could range from 11 (most negative) to 44 (most positive).
Results:
TAS was significantly lower for photographic subjects with enamel defects compared to the same subject with normal enamel appearance (P < 0.001, one sample t-test). Gender had a significant impact on TAS, with boys making more negative judgements than girls. Age and socio-economic status did not have an effect.
Conclusion:
Young people may make negative psychosocial judgements on the basis of enamel appearance.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Drug Dosing: Infants and Children
01:29Econometric Views (EViews)
01:23Lumber Defects
Shakes are minor fractures that run along or across the wood's annual rings, while wane is...
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
01:24Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition
01:14Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...