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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Age-related differences in polyfunctional T cell responses.

Puja Van Epps1, Richard Banks2, Htin Aung1

  • 1Geriatric Research Center Clinical Core (GRECC), Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA ; Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 1022, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-4684, USA.

Immunity & Ageing : I & A
|December 17, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Aging does not impair T cell polyfunctionality. Older adults showed enhanced T cell polyfunctionality, suggesting it is not a primary driver of age-related immune decline.

Keywords:
AgingImmunesenescencePolyfunctionalityT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Aging is associated with reduced naive T cells and increased differentiated cells.
  • The impact of aging on T cell polyfunctionality remains largely unknown.
  • T cell subsets, including stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCM), were investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare T cell subset polyfunctionality in older versus younger adults.
  • To assess the expression of key cytokines (IFN-γ, MIP-1α, TNF-α, IL-2) and perforin.
  • To investigate the response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of T cell subsets from older (median age 80) and younger (median age 27) adults.
  • Stimulation with superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB).
  • Measurement of individual and polyfunctional cytokine and perforin expression.

Main Results:

  • Older adults had fewer CD8+ naive T cells but increased memory T cell subsets.
  • Despite reduced naive T cells, older adults exhibited enhanced CD8+ and CD4+ naive T cell polyfunctionality.
  • CD8+ effector memory and effector T cells also showed increased polyfunctionality in older individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Aging does not negatively impact T cell polyfunctionality.
  • Enhanced T cell polyfunctionality in older adults suggests it's not a major factor in immune senescence.
  • Further research may explore the implications of these findings for immune health in aging.