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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Does microbiota composition affect thyroid homeostasis?

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  • 1Endocrinology Section, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy.

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Intestinal microbiota balance is vital for health. Dysbiosis, or imbalance, may trigger autoimmune thyroid disease and affect thyroid hormone metabolism, impacting overall thyroid homeostasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining digestive and immunologic homeostasis.
  • Impaired microbiota homeostasis (dysbiosis) can lead to epithelial barrier dysfunction, causing intestinal and systemic disorders, particularly immunologic and metabolic ones.
  • The gut is central to metabolizing nutrients, drugs, and hormones, including thyroid hormones and micronutrients essential for thyroid function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between thyroid homeostasis and intestinal microbiota composition.
  • To investigate the potential role of intestinal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
  • To discuss how thyroid hormone network steps might be influenced by gut microbiota.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, and thyroid function.
  • Analysis of studies linking gut dysbiosis to autoimmune disorders, specifically autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Examination of associations between thyroid dysfunction (hypo- and hyper-thyroidism) and gut microbiota alterations.

Main Results:

  • Dysbiosis is implicated in epithelial barrier malfunction and subsequent immune and metabolic disorders.
  • A potential pathogenetic link between intestinal dysbiosis and autoimmune thyroiditis is suggested.
  • Hypothyroidism is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, while hyperthyroidism shows altered microbiota composition.

Conclusions:

  • The intestinal microbiota significantly impacts host homeostasis, including digestive, immunologic, and metabolic functions.
  • Intestinal dysbiosis is increasingly recognized as a potential trigger for autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid homeostasis.